A hydroxide Is any chemical compound which contains one or more groups, each of which comprises an oxygen and hydrogen atom bound and functioning as the negatively charged OH-ion.
The positively charged portion of the compound is usually the ion of a metal (eg, sodium, magnesium or aluminum), although it may be an organic group (eg, guanidinium or tetramethylammonium).
It is preferable to characterize the presence of the non-ionized hydroxyl group covalently bonded by the hydroxy prefix, as in the organic hydroxyacetic acid compound, CH 2 OHCOOH, or by the suffix ol, as in methanol, CH 3 OH, and in coordination compounds by the hydroxyl prefix, as in potassium tetrahydroxoaurate, KAu (OH) 4.
Hydroxides include known laboratory alkalis and industrial processes. Hydroxides of alkali metals, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium are the strongest, most stable and most soluble bases of the hydroxides.
Sodium hydroxide, NaOH, also known as caustic soda or bleach, is of great industrial importance. Calcium, barium, strontium and all alkaline earth metals form soluble hydroxides which are strong bases but are less stable than alkali hydroxides.
Of these, calcium hydroxide, Ca (OH) 2 , Commonly known as slaked lime, is the most common.
With the exception of thallium hydroxide (TlOH), the hydroxides of other metals, such as magnesium, iron, bismuth, nickel, cobalt and copper, are sparingly soluble in water but neutralize acids.
Hydroxides of beryllium, lead, zinc, aluminum, chromium (trivalent), tin (divalent), gold (trivalent) and certain other metals show acidic and basic properties; That is, they are dissolved in aqueous solutions of bases or acids.
Hydroxides and other substances, such as oxides and sulphides, with these dual properties are called amphoteric (Encyclopædia Britannica, 1998).
30 examples of hydroxide
1- Alkali metal hydroxides
Lithium hydroxide : It is a clear liquid to the white water that can have an acrid smell. It is used to make other chemicals (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2017).
Sodium hydroxide : Is one of the most common inorganic bases or alkalis. It is also called caustic soda or bleach. It is one of the most used bases in the industry.
Its main uses are the paper industry, the oil industry, the textile industry, the manufacture of soaps and detergents, in the Bayer process of aluminum production, industrial cleaning and for pH regulation. It is also used in the food industry for many applications.
Appearance of sodium hydroxide
Potassium hydroxide : A strong base helps to neutralize the acid, but can also be used as a thickener or food stabilizer. It has medicinal properties for both humans and pets, and is the reagent in many industrial processes (WASSERMAN, 2013).
Rubidium hydroxide : Is a strong basic chemical that does not appear in nature, however can be obtained by synthesis from rubidium oxide. These are used in scientific research.
Cesium hydroxide : Is a colorless to yellow crystalline solid harmful to the skin and eyes. It is used in electric accumulators.
Francium hydroxide : The strongest possible base, since it is the most reactive metal in the periodic table of elements. Given this property, the hydroxide of francium will be the most corrosive hydroxide of all.
2- Alkaline earth metal hydroxides
Beryllium hydroxide : It is an amphoteric hydroxide, which dissolves in both acids and bases. It is obtained as a by-product in the extraction of the beryllium metal from the minerals beryl (Beryllium hydroxide, S.F.).
Magnesium hydroxide : It is both a laxative and one of the three main classes of antacids, which also include calcium carbonate and aluminum hydroxide (ADAMS, 2011).
Calcium hydroxide : Is an inorganic compound used for many purposes. Also called slaked lime, its aqueous solution is called lime water.
Appearance of calcium hydroxide in solid state
It has many industrial uses, such as in the Kraft paper process, as a flocculant in water and wastewater treatment, in the preparation of ammonia, and as a pH modifier (Calcium hydroxide Formula, S.F.).
Strontium hydroxide : It is sometimes used to extract sugar from molasses because it forms a soluble saccharide from which sugar can easily be regenerated by the action of carbon dioxide (Hanusa, 2012).
Barium hydroxide : Also known as"Barite", is used for a number of purposes, such as in the manufacture of alkali, in glassmaking, in the vulcanization of synthetic rubber and in corrosion inhibitors
Radio hydroxide : The radius dissolves in water with the formation of radio hydroxide. The fractional separation of the hydroxide for the purification of radio salts from barium (Radium Hydroxide, Ra (OH) 2, S.F.) has been proposed.
3- Metal hydroxides
Aluminum hydroxide : Is a basic inorganic amphoteric compound used as an intermediate in organic synthesis and as an additive in the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industries.
Cobalt hydroxide (II) : Commercial catalyst that has porous structure for a high catalytic effect in refining and petrochemical. It is used as a paint and varnish dryer (COBALT HYDROXIDE, S.F.).
Copper (II) hydroxide : Used as a broad spectrum foliar fungicide in fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants (Copper Hydroxide - Chemical Profile 1/85, S.F.)
Curio hydroxide : Is a radioactive compound that was the first Curio compound isolated, was synthesized in the year 1947.
Gold hydroxide (III) : Is used in medicine, porcelain making, gold plating. The gold hydroxide deposited on suitable carriers can be used for the preparation of gold catalysts
Iron hydroxide (II) : Also known as ferrous hydroxide or green oxide, is an inorganic compound very little soluble in water.
Mercury hydroxide (II) : The first experimental evidence of the existence of the molecule was reported by Wang and Andrews in 2004. They produced it by irradiating a frozen mixture of mercury, oxygen and hydrogen with light from a mercury arc lamp.
Nickel hydroxide (II) : It is a green, crystalline and inorganic compound that produces toxic gases when heating. Nickel hydroxide is used in nickel-cadmium batteries and as a catalyst in chemical reactions.
Tin hydroxide (II) : Also known as stannous hydroxide, is a poorly known inorganic tin (II) compound. It has not been possible to make its crystallography since it easily oxidizes to tin oxide.
Uranyl hydroxide : Is a teratogenic and radioactive compound once used in the manufacture of glass and ceramics in the coloration of vitreous phases and the preparation of pigments for high temperature cooking (International Bio-Analytical Industries Inc., 2014).
Zinc hydroxide : Is an inorganic chemical that exists naturally as a rare mineral. Used as surgical dressings, protective coating, Mordant and pesticides.
Zirconium hydroxide (IV) : Is an amorphous and toxic white powder. Insoluble in water, soluble in dilute mineral acids. Used in pigments, glass and dyes, and in the manufacture of other zirconium compounds.
Thallium hydroxide (I) : Also called talic hydroxide, is a strong base. It is changed to tantalum, Tl +, except under strongly basic conditions. Tl + resembles an alkali metal ion, A +, such as Li + or K +.
Bismuth hydroxide : Is not a fully characterized chemical compound. Used in bismuth milk that is used in gastrointestinal disorders as a protective agent.
Lead hydroxide : Used as a paint pigment specifically for radiation protection.
4- Organic hydroxides
Tetrapropylammonium hydroxide : This compound is used as a template for the synthesis of microporous solids and heterogeneous catalysts.
Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide : Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide reacts with hydrofluoric acid to produce tetrabutylammonium fluoride, which is a useful reagent for desilylation in organic solvents (Alfa Aesar, Thermo Fisher Scientific, S.F.).
Tetrabutylphosphonium hydroxide : Can be used as a strong organic base catalyst. Its basicity, combined with its role as a phase transfer catalyst, makes it a versatile catalyst in many biphasic organic transitions (Sachem, S.F.).
References
- ADAMS, A. (2011, May 21). What Are the Health Benefits of Magnesium Hydroxide? Retrieved from livestrong.com.
- Alfa Aesar, Thermo Fisher Scientific. (S.F.). Organic Hydroxides. Retrieved from alfa.com.
- Beryllium hydroxide. (S.F.). Recovered from revolvy.com.
- Calcium hydroxide Formula. (S.F.). Recovered from softschools.com.
- COBALT HYDROXIDE. (S.F.). Recovered from chemicalland21.com.
- Copper Hydroxide - Chemical Profile 1/85. (S.F.). Retrieved from pmep.cce.cornell.edu.
- Encyclopædia Britannica. (1998, July 20). Hydroxide. Retrieved from britannica.com.
- Hanusa, T. P. (2012, December 3). Strontium (Sr). Retrieved from britannica.com.
- International Bio-Analytical Industries Inc.. (2014). Uranyl Hydroxide. Recovered from develabs.com.
- National Center for Biotechnology Information. . (2017, May 6). PubChem Compound Database.
- Radium Hydroxide, Ra (OH) 2. (S.F.). Retrieved from atomistry.com.
- (S.F.). Tetrabutylphosphonium Hydroxide (TBPH) CAS # 14518-69-5. Recovered from sacheminc.
- Wasserman, R. (2013, August 16). Uses of Potassium Hydroxide. Retrieved from livestrong.com.