The Branches of criminology Are penology, sociology of law, victimology, anthropological criminology, forensic psychology and forensic science.
Criminology is the study of law enforcement and the criminal justice system. A person seeking a career in criminal justice will most likely first try to earn a degree in criminology. While criminal justice and criminology are certainly related fields, they are not identical.
"Criminology"is derived from the Latin"crime", meaning accusation, and the transliterated Greek word"lodge", which has come to denote"the study of", therefore, the study of crime .
Criminology is an interdisciplinary field in both the social sciences and behavior, which is based especially on the investigations of sociologists, psychologists, philosophers, psychiatrists, social anthropologists and law scholars.
The term criminology was coined in 1885 by Italian law professor Raffaele Garofalo as"criminology". Later, the French anthropologist Paul Topinard used the French analogue"criminologie".
The importance of criminology lies in its interest in the scientific study of nature, extension, management, causes, control, consequences and prevention of criminal behavior, both individually and socially. Criminology improves society.
Main branches of criminology
Criminology encompasses wide spaces of study for being a humanitarian science that seeks to improve society.
The diverse fields and methods of study have led to the establishment of new branches that manage to explain the criminal aspects around the world.
Penology
It is a branch of criminology that deals with the philosophy and practice of various societies in their attempts to suppress criminal activities and satisfy public opinion through an appropriate treatment regime for people convicted of crimes.
Penology is a term that was probably coined by Francis Lieber. He Oxford English Dictionary Defines penology as"the study of punishment of crime and penitentiary management", and in this sense is equivalent to corrections made to criminals.
Penology deals with the effectiveness of social processes devised and adopted for the prevention of crime, through repression or inhibition of criminal intent through fear of punishment.
Therefore, the study of penology deals with the treatment of prisoners and the subsequent rehabilitation of convicted offenders.
It also covers aspects of parole (rehabilitation of offenders within a community) as well as prison science related to the safe detention and retraining of criminals committed to secure institutions.
Penology refers to many themes and theories, including those relating to prisons (prison reform, prisoner abuse, prisoners' rights and recidivism), as well as theories of punishment purposes (such as deterrence, rehabilitation, retribution and The utilitarianism).
Contemporary penology deals mainly with criminal rehabilitation and penitentiary management.
The word is rarely applied to theories and practices of punishment in less formal settings such as parenting, school and corrective measures in the workplace.
Sociology of law
The sociology of law (or juridical sociology) is a branch of criminology that is often described as a subdiscipline of sociology or an interdisciplinary approach within legal and / or social studies.
Consequently, it can be described without reference to current sociology as"the systematic, theoretically founded and empirical study of law, as a set of social practices or as an aspect or field of social experience."
It has been seen that the system of law and justice is a fundamental institution of the basic structure of society that mediates between"political and economic interests, culture and the normative order of society, establishing and maintaining interdependence and constituting As sources of consensus and social control."
As such, legal sociology reflects social theories and employs social scientific methods to study law, legal institutions and legal behavior.
More specifically, the sociology of law consists of various approaches to the study of law in society, which empirically examine and theorize the interaction between law, legal, non-legal and social factors.
The areas of socio-legal research include the social development of legal institutions, forms of social control, legal regulation, interaction between legal cultures, social construction of legal issues, legal profession and the relationship between law And social change.
Victimology
Victimization is the study of victimization, including relationships between victims and offenders, interactions between victims and the criminal justice system, and connections between victims and other social groups and institutions such as the media, Companies and social movements.
However, victimology is not limited to the study of crime victims, but may include other forms of violation of human rights.
Anthropological criminology or criminal anthropology
It is a field of profiles of offenders, based on the perceived links between the nature of a crime and the offender's personality or physical appearance.
Although similar to physiognomy and phrenology, the term"criminal anthropology"is generally reserved for the works of the late eighteenth-century Italian school of criminology (Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri, Raffaele Garofalo).
Lombroso thought that the offenders were born with lower physiological differences that were detectable.
He popularized the notion of"born criminal"and thought that criminality was an atavism or hereditary disposition.
Forensic psychology
The Forensic psychology , Defined by the American Psychological Association, is the application of clinical specialties to the legal field. This definition emphasizes the application of clinical psychology to the forensic context.
Writer Christopher Cronin defines it as"Applying Clinical Specialties to Legal Institutions and People Who Get in Touch with the Law"(page 5), again emphasizing the application of clinical skills such as assessment, treatment, and The evaluation of forensic adjustments.
You may be interested What is Criminal Psychology?
Forensic science
Forensic science is the application of science to criminal and civil laws, mainly in the criminal during the criminal investigation, as governed by the legal norms of admissible evidence and criminal procedure.
References
- Jane Tyler Ward, PhD. (2013). What is forensic psychology? 03 August, 2017, from American Psychological Association Website: apa.org.
- Timothy Roufa. (2017). What Is Criminology? 03 August, 2017, from The Balance website: thebalance.com.
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- Siegel, Larry J. (2003). Criminology, 8th edition. Thomson-Wadsworth. P. 7.
- Garland, David (2002). "Of Crimes and Criminals". In Maguire, Mike; Rod Morgan; Robert Reiner. The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, 3rd edition. Oxford University Press. P. twenty-one.
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- Arnaud, André-Jean (2007)"Carbonnier, Jean"in Encyclopedia of Law and Society: American and Global Perspectives (Thousand Oaks: SAGE).
- Andrew Karmen, 2003, Crime Victims: An Introduction to Victimology, Wadsworth Publishing, ISBN 978-0-534-61632-8.
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